33 research outputs found
Management of Brazilian hardwood species (Jatoba and Garapa) wood waste biomass utilization for energy production purposes
ArticleIn the
Federative
Republic of Brazil,
Jatoba (
Hymenaea courbaril
) and Garapa
(
Apuleia
leiocarpa
) trees
are intensively harvested
. The yield of one log is approximately
45
–
55%, which
indicates a
great
amount of produced wood waste biomass.Present research
monitored the suitability of wood waste biomass from Jatoba and Garapa trees for bio
–
briquette
for solid biofuel production.
The research
was focused on chemical parameters,
and
energ
y
potential of such biomass kinds. Jatoba wood waste biomass was used for the
production
of bio
–
briquette fuel and its final mechanical quality was investigated by determination of their
mechanical quality indicators.
Results of chemical analysis (in wet b
asis) exhibited
great
level of
ash content in case of both species (
Jatoba
–
0.31%, Garapa
–
3.02%), as well as high level of
energy potential; net calorific value
equal to 18.92
MJ
kg
–
1
for Jatoba and to
18.39
5
MJ
kg
–
1
for
Garapa. Analysis of elementary
composition proved following levels of oxygen content: J
atoba
–
41.10%, Garapa
–
39.97
%. Mechanical analysis proved bio
–
briquette samples volume
density
ρ equal to
896.34
kg
m
–
3
which indicated quality
bio
–
briquette fuel
, while the
level
of rupture
force R
F occurred at a
lower
level
–
47.05
N
mm
–
1
. Most important quality indicator, the
mechanical durability DU,
unfortunately,
occurred at a
lower
level; DU
=
77.6% compared to the
minimal level of bio
–
briquette fuels intended for commercial sales which must
be >
90%. Overall
analysis proved materials suitability for energy generation purpose with certain limitations which
can improve by changing production parameters of
briquetting
Agricultural residues in Indonesia and Vietnam and their potential for direct combustion: with a focus on fruit processing and plantation crops
ArticleEnergy consumption in Indonesia and Vietnam has grown rapidly in recent decades.
To meet the energy needs of both countries, a higher utilisation of waste biomass sources may
represent an adequate solution. Investigated samples represent major crop residues (waste
biomass) originating mainly from the agriculture sector of the selected countries. Herbaceous
waste biomass from Indonesia is, namely, cassava stems and root peelings
(
Manihot esculenta
),
coffee leaves (
Coffea arabica
), cacao leaves (
Theobroma cacao
), banana leaves (
Musa
acuminata
), bamboo leaves (
Bambusoideae
spp.) and aloe vera leaves (
Aloe vera
). Furthermore,
fruit and aquatic waste biomass originating from Vietnam
is, specifically, sugarcane bagasse
(
Saccharum officinarum
), durian peelings (
Durio zibethinus
), rambutan peelings (
Nephelium
lappaceum
), banana peelings (
Musa acuminata
), water milfoil (
Myriophyllum spicatum
) and
water hyacinth (
Eichhornia crassipes
). All
mentioned types of waste biomass were subjected to
proximate and calorimetric analysis: moisture, ash and volatile matter contents (%) and higher
and lower heating values (MJ
kg
–
1
). Obtained values indicated the highest level of ash content in
fruit bioma
ss samples in the case of sugarcane bagasse (0.84%), in herbaceous biomass in the
case of cassava stems (3.14%) and in aquatic biomass in the case of water hyacinth (14.16%).
The highest levels of lower heating values were achieved by following samples (be
st samples
from each biomass type): cassava stems (17.5
MJ
kg
–
1
); banana peelings (17.3
MJ
kg
–
1
) and
water hyacinth (12.8
MJ
kg
–
1
). The overall evaluation of all observed samples indicated that the
best suitability for energy utilisation by direct combusti
on of investigated representatives is fruit
waste biomass, followed by herbaceous waste biomass
and then aquatic waste biomass
Optimal Strategies in Infinite-state Stochastic Reachability Games
We consider perfect-information reachability stochastic games for 2 players
on infinite graphs. We identify a subclass of such games, and prove two
interesting properties of it: first, Player Max always has optimal strategies
in games from this subclass, and second, these games are strongly determined.
The subclass is defined by the property that the set of all values can only
have one accumulation point -- 0. Our results nicely mirror recent results for
finitely-branching games, where, on the contrary, Player Min always has optimal
strategies. However, our proof methods are substantially different, because the
roles of the players are not symmetric. We also do not restrict the branching
of the games. Finally, we apply our results in the context of recently studied
One-Counter stochastic games